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**General Information About the Drug**
| Category | Details | |----------|---------| | **Drug class** | (e.g., β‑blocker, ACE inhibitor, macrolide antibiotic, etc.) | | **Common indications** | • Primary condition(s) it treats (e.g., hypertension, heart failure, bacterial infections). • Any secondary uses that are frequently prescribed. | | **Mechanism of action** | Brief description of how the drug works in the body (e.g., blocks β‑adrenergic receptors to reduce heart rate; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis). | | **Typical dosing** | • Standard starting dose and typical range. • Frequency (e.g., once daily, twice daily). | | **Common side effects** | • List of most frequently reported adverse reactions. | | **Contraindications & cautions** | • Conditions or patient populations where the drug should not be used. • Precautions for specific comorbidities. | | **Drug interactions** | • Notable drugs that may interact (e.g., other cardiovascular meds, CYP inhibitors). | | **Special considerations** | • Use in pregnancy/lactation, renal/hepatic impairment, elderly patients, etc. |
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## 3. How to Find Reliable Sources
| Step | Action | Example Resources | |------|--------|-------------------| | **1. Identify Core Topics** | Determine the drug name, mechanism, indications, side‑effects, interactions, dosing. | - DrugBank - RxList | | **2. Use Reputable Databases** | Search structured databases that are peer‑reviewed or curated by experts. | - PubMed (journal articles) - Cochrane Library (systematic reviews) | | **3. Check Clinical Guidelines** | Look for consensus recommendations from professional societies. | - American Heart Association (AHA) - National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) | | **4. Verify with Pharmacology Textbooks** | Cross‑reference pharmacokinetics, dynamics, and drug interactions. | - Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics | | **5. Confirm Drug-Specific Information** | Use official product monographs or FDA/EMA databases for labeling details. | - FDA’s Drugs@FDA database - European Medicines Agency (EMA) | | **6. Evaluate Evidence Quality** | Determine level of evidence and strength of recommendation. | GRADE system: High, Moderate, Low, Very low |
### How to Apply the Checklist
1. **Start with a Clear Question** - Define the specific clinical decision you need information for (e.g., "Should I prescribe drug X in patient Y?").
2. **Search Efficiently** - Use evidence‑based databases first (Cochrane Library, PubMed). - Limit to systematic reviews or high‑quality RCTs.
3. **Screen Titles and Abstracts** - Apply inclusion/exclusion criteria quickly.
4. **Retrieve Full Texts for Eligible Studies** - If the study meets your criteria, proceed to data extraction.
5. **Apply the 15‑Question Checklist** - For each extracted study, answer the questions in order. - Mark *Yes*, *No*, or *Unclear* next to each question.
6. **Synthesize Findings** - If multiple studies support a claim, consider consistency of results and effect sizes. - Highlight any conflicting evidence.
7. **Document Your Review** - Keep a spreadsheet with study titles, answers to the 15 questions, key findings, and your overall assessment (e.g., "Strong support", "Moderate support", "Weak/No support").
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## Sample Application
| Claim | Study | Yes / No / Unclear for each question | |-------|-------|--------------------------------------| | **"Wearing masks reduces COVID‑19 transmission."** | Smith et al. (2023) – Randomized controlled trial in 5 hospitals. | Q1: Yes Q2: Yes Q3: Yes ... Q15: Yes | | | Jones & Lee (2024) – Observational cohort of 10,000 participants. | Q1: No Q2: Unclear Q3: Yes … |
Interpretation: The RCT provides high confidence evidence; the observational study adds supportive data but has weaker causal inference.
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## 6. Applying Evidence to Practice
| Step | Action | |------|--------| | 1 | **Define the question** (PICO). | | 2 | **Search for studies** using the systematic approach above. | | 3 | **Screen** titles/abstracts, then full texts; record reasons for exclusion. | | 4 | **Extract data** into standardized forms; assess risk of bias. | | 5 | **Synthesize results**: meta‑analysis if appropriate, otherwise narrative synthesis. | | 6 | **Translate to practice**: evaluate applicability (patient population, setting), weigh benefits vs harms, consider cost and feasibility. | | 7 | **Implement** with monitoring; update as new evidence emerges. |
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## Key Take‑Away Points
1. **Structured, reproducible search** → use clear keywords + MeSH terms, combine with Boolean operators, limit to relevant databases. 2. **Inclusion/exclusion criteria** must be explicit and documented before screening begins. 3. **Dual independent review** at each stage (title/abstract, full text) plus a third reviewer for disagreements minimizes bias. 4. **Quality appraisal tools** appropriate to study design (Cochrane RoB, ROBINS‑I, Newcastle‑Ottawa, QUADAS‑2, etc.) are essential before drawing conclusions. 5. **Synthesis strategy**: Decide early whether you will do a meta‑analysis or narrative synthesis; plan how to handle heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses. 6. **Reporting**: Follow PRISMA flow diagram for transparency; include all relevant tables/figures summarizing findings.
By systematically applying these steps, your research will be comprehensive, transparent, and reproducible—qualities that are indispensable in evidence‑based science.
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Algeria
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основной
Пол
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предпочтительный язык
английский
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